Purpose: Diagnosis of carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) relies on clinical findings, such as
proptosis, chemosis, and pulsatile tinnitus, plus imaging features including enlargement of …

A carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is an arteriovenous fistula with an abnormal connection
between the carotid artery and cavernous sinus that can be sight and life-threatening. The …

Objective: Rare disease/diagnostic challenge Background: Carotid cavernous fistulas
(CCFs) are rare potentially sight-threatening abnormal connections between carotid artery …

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of orbital color Doppler
imaging (CDI) and conventional neuroimaging (CT/MRI) compared with cerebral …

Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are a rare but debilitating entity that may present with
orbital or cerebral venous hypertension. CCFs may pose diagnostic and management …

Purpose: To study the clinical course with regard to both the angiographic and visual
outcomes of carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs). Background: Carotid cavernous sinus fistulas …

Carotid-cavernous fistulae (CCFs) are the result of an anomalous connection between the
venous system of the cavernous sinus and either the internal carotid artery (ICA), meningeal …

Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCF) are vascular communications between the carotid artery
and the cavernous sinus. Ophthalmologists are called to diagnose and manage the …

Purpose: The main objective was to report the epidemiology, clinical manifestations,
angiography features, treatment modality and post-treatment outcomes in patients …

Carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) is an aberrant communication between the main trunk or
branches of carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. Most of the cases of CCF occur following …