The tumor microenvironment is a complex ecosystem comprised of many different cell types,
abnormal vasculature and immunosuppressive cytokines. The irregular growth kinetics with …

Dating back to the seminal work of Paul Ehrlich, the idea of harnessing our immune system
to eliminate cancerous cells is now over a century old. In the presence of a functional …

The tumor microenvironment is a complex system, playing an important role in tumor
development and progression. Besides cellular stromal components, extracellular matrix …

Tumors use several strategies to evade the host immune response, including creation of an
immune-suppressive and hostile tumor environment. Tissue hypoxia due to inadequate …

While it is widely accepted that high intratumoral heterogeneity confers serious challenges
in the emerging resistance and the subsequent effective therapeutic targeting of cancer, the …

Immunotherapy is poised to become an increasingly utilized therapy in the treatment of
cancer. However, several abnormalities in the tumor microenvironment (TME) that can …

Hypoxia is not only a prominent contributor to the heterogeneity of solid tumors but also a
crucial stressor in the microenvironment to drive adaptations for tumors to evade …

The microenvironment of a developing tumor is composed of proliferating cancer cells,
blood vessels, stromal cells, infiltrating inflammatory cells, and a variety of associated tissue …

Hypoxia, a common feature of solid tumors and one of the hallmarks of tumor
microenvironment, favors tumor survival and progression. Although hypoxia has been …

The environmental and metabolic pressures in the tumor microenvironment (TME) play a
key role in molding tumor development by impacting the stromal and immune cell fractions …