Human sepsis is characterized by a profound stimulation of the immune system. This results
in the activation of multiple biological cascades, including inflammation (cytokines …

There have been significant advances in our understanding of the immune response in
critical illness in recent years. Sepsis and its sequelae of organ dysfunction, multiple organ …

The pathogenesis of sepsis involves not only microbial toxins but also activated host
inflammatory mediators. Therefore, besides conventional antibiotic or surgical treatment of …

The systemic inflammatory response reflects the non-specific clinical expression of a
profound activation of the body's immune responsive elements. Immune activation and …

Sepsis is a very heterogeneous clinical syndrome broadly defined as the systemic host
response to an infection. Until recently, the concept that mortality is the consequence of an …

A considerable body of evidence indicates that together with an important pro-inflammatory
reaction, a anti-inflammatory response contributes to the onset of sepsis and organ failure …

An excessive inflammatory response accompanies the initial stages of severe infection and
appears to contribute to associated organ system failure and death [1, 2, 3]. A number of …

For many years patients with sepsis and septic shock have been treated with antibiotics,
fluids, surgery (if indicated) and, in the more severe cases, inotropic and ventilatory support …

Although the mortality rate of sepsis decreases annually, sepsis is still one of the most
common causes of death in hospitals. Specific treatments have not been researched yet …

It has recently been appreciated that patients with severe sepsis and septic shock suffer from
altered innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to an impaired clearance of …