Abstract The Heartbeat Evoked Potential (HEP) has been proposed as a neurophysiological
marker of interoceptive processing. Despite its use to validate interoceptive measures and to …

Garfinkel and Critchley (2013) recently proposed a three level model of interoception. Only
few studies, however, have empirically tested this theoretical model thus far. The present …

Even though humans are mostly not aware of their heartbeats, several heartbeat-related
effects have been reported to influence conscious perception. It is not clear whether these …

The processing and perception of individual internal bodily signals (interoception) has been
differentiated to comprise different levels and processes involved. The so-called heartbeat …

Theoretical frameworks such as predictive coding suggest that the perception of the body
and world–interoception and exteroception–involve intertwined processes of inference …

Interoception refers to the sensing of internal bodily changes. Interoception interacts with
cognition and emotion, making measurement of individual differences in interoceptive ability …

Interoception is the ability to perceive one's internal body state including visceral sensations.
Heart-focused interoception has received particular attention, in part due to a readily …

Our perception of the external world is influenced by internal bodily signals. For example, we
recently showed that timing of stimulation along the cardiac cycle and spontaneous …

Predictive coding models, such as the 'free-energy principle'(FEP), have recently been
discussed in relation to how interoceptive (afferent visceral feedback) signals update …

It is difficult to collect objective evidence of interoception. Unlike exteroception, the effective
stimuli for interoception are often unknown, and even when identifiable, they are difficult to …