Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have the ability to transfer genetic material between cells,
but their role in mediating HBV infection and regulating M1 macrophages to promote …

Background Macrophages are highly plastic innate immune cells that play key roles in host
defense, tissue repair, and homeostasis maintenance. In response to divergent stimuli …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized vesicles with the capacity to transfer nucleic
acids, proteins, and lipids, and are released by all cells. EV is an umbrella term for …

Cytokines and extracellular vesicles are two methods of initiating and maintaining cellular
crosstalk. The role of cytokines in the initiation, progression, and resolution of inflammation …

Cytokines are soluble factors that play vital roles in systemic function due to their ability to
initiate and mediate cell-to-cell communication. Another important mechanism of …

HIV-infected individuals have activated monocytes with an IFNα phenotype and elevated
levels of circulating LPS. These individuals also have a risk of premature cardiovascular …

The twenty-first century has witnessed major developments in the field of extracellular
vesicle (EV) research, including significant steps towards defining standard criteria for the …

Immunoregulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles
(EVs) are promising. Gingival tissue-derived MSCs (GMSCs) have unique …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been extensively studied in the last two decades. It is now
well documented that they can actively participate in the activation or regulation of immune …

Exosomes, ranging in size from 30 to 150 nm as identified initially via electron microscopy in
1946, are one of the extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by many cells and have been the …