In response to different stimuli (eg, infections), naive macrophages polarize into M1
macrophages, which have the potential to secrete numerous pro-inflammatory cytokines and …

Introduction People living with HIV (PLWH) now benefit from combined antiviral treatments
that durably control viral replication. These antiretroviral treatments decrease mortality and …

bstract The liver serves as a central participant in immune system owing to its particular
blood supply and large amounts of immune cells, in which macrophages play a significant …

As natural nanocarriers and intercellular messengers, extracellular vesicles (EVs) control
communication among cells. Under physiological and pathological conditions, EVs deliver …

Extracellular vesicles (EV) have emerged as important mediators of intercellular
communication. By their origin, we can find vesicles derived from plasma membrane such as …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogenous group of membrane-surrounded structures.
Besides serving as a harbor for the unwanted material exocytosed by cells, EVs play a …

Healthy cells constitutively release lipid bilayered vesicles of different sizes and recognizing
different biogenesis, collectively referred to as extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs can be …

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles that function in intercellular communication. We have
previously reported that exosomes play an important role in the transmission of antiviral …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles including microvesicles and exosomes which
differ in their distinct size, density, biogenesis, and content. Until recently, EVs were …

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are adult, multipotent stem cells of mesodermal origin. In
addition to their stem cell properties, MSCs possess broad immunosuppressive functions …