Cytokines are key regulators of the immune system that shape innate and adaptive immune
responses. An adequate balance of the cytokine environment is critical to achieve protective …

The use of antibiotic feed additives and chemical antimicrobials in food production animals
is a double-edged sword. On one hand, it helps to prevent the outbreak of disease and …

Cytokines are a protein family comprising interleukins, lymphokines, chemokines,
monokines and interferons. They are significant constituents of the immune system, and they …

Given the critical role of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) in defense against attack from
pathogens that establish chronic infections, it has become abundantly clear that current …

Live attenuated or inactivated bacteria and viruses have formed the basis of many
successful vaccines, including those that have eliminated smallpox and have almost …

Although inflammatory cytokines induced by infection or vaccination with adjuvants have
long been known to stimulate optimal antigen-presenting cell function, recent evidence …

In the last century the use of vaccines has profoundly reduced morbidity and mortality of
infectious diseases within the human population and among veterinary species. In fact, the …

The worldwide trend towards a reduced reliance on in‐feed antibiotics has increased the
pressure to develop alternative strategies to manage infectious diseases in poultry. With this …

Vaccination, the revolutionary prophylactic immunotherapy developed in the eighteenth
century, has become the most successful and cost-effective of medical remedies available to …

While the effective use of antibiotics for the control of human disease has saved countless
lives and has increased life expectancy over the past few decades, there are concerns …