Recent therapeutic advancements in understanding of molecular and cellular mechanisms
of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have highlighted the strategies that aim to inhibit the harmful …

Success achieved so far in the blockade of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin (IL)-1 in
rheumatoid arthritis exemplifies the feasibility and potential therapeutic application of …

The hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is chronic synovial inflammation resulting in
progressive joint damage. Cytokines are key mediators of inflammation and can be found in …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a failure of
spontaneous resolution of inflammation. Although the pro-inflammatory cytokines and …

Biologic therapies that target pathogenic cytokines such as TNF, IL-1β or IL-6 have greatly
improved the treatment of RA. Unfortunately, not all RA patients respond to current biologic …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease leading to joint destruction.
Cytokines play a key role in its pathogenesis. They contribute to the induction and …

The human immune system involves highly complex and coordinated processes in which
small proteins named cytokines play a key role. Cytokines have been implicated in the …

A large number of cytokines are active in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
It is now clear that these cytokines play a fundamental role in the processes that cause …

Cytokines are immune mediators that play an important role in the pathogenesis of
rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease that targets the synovial joints. The …

Although considerable progress has been made by adequate treatment with traditional
disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), therapy of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) still …