What are the criteria for reasonable clinical judgements? The reasonableness of macro-
level decision-making has been much discussed, but little attention has been paid to the …

To monitor and prevent bias in AI systems, we can use a wide range of (statistical) fairness
measures. However, it is mathematically impossible to optimize all of these measures at the …

This chapter reviews the measurement approaches used in the justice literature. We begin
by describing fundamental issues involved in constructing measures, such as item content …

Every profession confronts ethical issues as its members engage in practice, and the ways
in which individuals respond to these challenges play a major role in (1) shaping the …

The purpose of this review was to examine the practice of oral assessment in postgraduate
medical education in the context of the core assessment constructs of validity, reliability and …

Background Societies are facing medical resource scarcities, inter alia due to increased life
expectancy and limited health budgets and also due to temporal or continuous physical …

Educational achievement testing is an area of turmoil in the health sciences. Examinations
are a constant source of problems for many teachers, curriculum designers and …

Objective The drive towards valid and reliable assessment methods for health professions'
training is becoming increasingly focused towards authentic models of workplace …

Context Grades are commonly used in formative workplace‐based assessment (WBA) in
medical education and training, but may draw attention away from feedback about the task …

Of all the tasks undertaken by human resource managers, performance appraisals (PAs) are
one of the most unpopular among employees (Meyer 1991, Murphy and Cleveland 1995 …