Cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops are largely conceived as parallel circuits that
process limbic, associative, and sensorimotor information separately. Whether and how …

Animals use past experience to guide future choices. The integration of experiences
typically follows a hyperbolic, rather than exponential, decay pattern with a heavy tail for …

Recent findings suggest that long-term spatial and contextual memories depend on the
retrosplenial cortex (RSC)[1–5]. RSC damage impairs navigation in humans and rodents [6 …

The thalamus has long been recognized for its role in relaying sensory information from the
periphery, a function accomplished by its “first‐order” nuclei. However, a second category of …

Throughout mammalian neocortex, layer 5 pyramidal (L5) cells project via the pons to a vast
number of cerebellar granule cells (GrCs), forming a fundamental pathway. Yet, it is …

Radial cell columns are a hallmark feature of cortical architecture in many mammalian
species. It has long been held, based on the lack of orientation columns, that such functional …

The claustrum is a functionally and structurally complex brain region, whose very spatial
extent remains debated. Histochemical-based approaches typically treat the claustrum as a …

The basal ganglia (BG) integrate inputs from diverse sensorimotor, limbic, and associative
regions to guide action-selection and goal-directed behaviors. The entopeduncular nucleus …

The present study revealed striking task‐dependent differences in immediate‐early gene
activity in the two main subregions (granular and dysgranular) of the retrosplenial cortex. In …

Cognitive abilities, such as volitional attention, operate under top-down, executive frontal
cortical control of hierarchically lower structures. The circuit mechanisms underlying this …