Hypoplasia of the human heart is the most severe form of congenital heart disease (CHD)
and usually lethal during early infancy. It is a leading cause of neonatal loss, especially in …

The bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling pathway and the basic helix–loop–helix
(bHLH) transcription factor Hand1 are known key regulators of cardiac development. In this …

The progression of cardiomyopathy to congestive heart failure is often associated with the
expression of fetal cardiac-specific genes. In mice, the basic helix-loop-helix transcription …

During heart formation in all vertebrate species, the linear heart tube undergoes rightward
looping followed by the formation of the atrial and ventricular chambers. The direction of …

Heart-and neural crest derivatives-expressed (Hand) proteins belong to the Twist family of
the basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factors, and play crucial roles in the …

During embryogenesis, epithelial organization is the prerequisite for organogenesis, in
particular, for establishing the tubular structure. Recent studies provided hints about …

The Hand gene family encodes highly conserved basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription
factors that play crucial roles in cardiac and vascular development in vertebrates. In …

The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor Hand2 is required for growth and
development of the heart, branchial arches and limb buds. To determine whether DNA …

Nkx2. 5/Csx and dHAND/Hand2 are conserved transcription factors that are coexpressed in
the precardiac mesoderm and early heart tube and control distinct developmental events …

dHAND and eHAND are basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that play critical roles in
cardiac development. TheHANDgenes have a complementary left–right cardiac asymmetry …