Abstract 3D printing, as a driving force of innovation over many areas, brings numerous
manufacturing methods together from the macro to nano scales. New revolutionary materials …

Recent developments in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology offer immense potential
in fabricating scaffolds and implants for various biomedical applications, especially for bone …

The utilization of biomedical nanotechnologies and nanomaterials has surged in the field of
3D bone printing and bioprinting. As such, it is possible to reproduce the hierarchical …

Clinically, the treatment of bone defects remains a significant challenge, as it requires
autogenous bone grafts or bone graft substitutes. However, the existing biomaterials often …

The suffering from organ dysfunction due to damaged or diseased tissue/bone has been
globally on the rise. Current treatment strategies for non-union bone defects include: the use …

The development of programmable functional biomaterials makes 4D printing add a new
dimension, time (t), based on 3D structures (x, y, z), therefore, 4D printed constructs could …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is developing as a dominant tool for
biomedical engineering by supporting 3D cell culture within compound 3D biomimetic …

Abstract Four-dimensional (4D) bioprinting, in which the concept of time is integrated with
three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting as the fourth dimension, has currently emerged as the …

Hope is that tissue engineering will provide a solution to meet the growing needs for bone
substitutes. Among the potential solutions, three-dimensional (3D) printing is a promising …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an emerging technological innovation in
tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This process has unique control on …