T-cell subsets in disease The division of CD4+ T ceils into distinct subsets (TH1 and TH2),
based upon cytokine production, is a major advance in our understanding of immune …

The humoral immune system senses microbes via recognition of specific microbial
molecular motifs by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These encounters promote plasma cell …

A defining characteristic of the vertebrate adaptive immune system is its specificity, which
arises from clonally distributed receptors encoded by gene segments that undergo somatic …

▪ Abstract T helper lymphocytes can be divided into two distinct subsets of effector cells
based on their functional capabilities and the profile of cytokines they produce. The Th1 …

We explored the role of antigen valency in B cell receptor (BCR) activation and
rearrangement of intracellular MHC class II compartments as factors that contribute to the …

Integrating signals from multiple receptors allows cells to interpret the physiological context
in which a signal is received. Here we describe a mechanism for receptor crosstalk in which …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect microbial infection and have an essential role in the
induction of immune responses,,. TLRs can directly induce innate host defence responses …

Macrophages and dendritic cells are in the front line of host defense. When they sense host
invasion, they produce cytokines that alert other innate immune cells and also abet the …

Innate immunity is an evolutionarily ancient system that provides multicellular organisms
with immediately available defense mechanisms against a wide variety of pathogens without …

In this review we have attemped to define the characteristics of TI-2 antigens that enable
them to stimulate antibody production in the absence of T cell help. One of the most critical …