Accepted after revision: May 15. 1995-Exercise participation can modulate interactions
between nutritional status and immune function in at least three ways. Athletes and health …

Strenuous bouts of prolonged exercise and heavy training are associated with depressed
immune cell function. Furthermore, inadequate or inappropriate nutrition can compound the …

Today epidemiological evidence exists which supports the anecdotal impression (Nieman &
Henson, 1994) that regular exercise increases resistance to infections such as the common …

Prolonged bouts of exercise and heavy training regimens are associated with depression of
immune system functions that can increase the risk of picking up opportunistic infections …

Strenuous prolonged exertion and heavy training are associated with depressed immune
function. Furthermore, improper nutrition can compound the negative influence of heavy …

A heavy schedule of training and competition can lead to immunosuppression in athletes,
placing them at a greater risk from opportunistic infections, particularly those affecting the …

Immunosuppression in athletes involved in heavy training is undoubtedly multifactorial in
origin. Training and competitive surroundings may increase the athlete's exposure to …

In contrast to moderate physical activity, prolonged and intensive exertion causes numerous
changes in immunity that reflect physiologic stress and suppression, and an increased risk …

Athletes are exposed to acute and chronic stress that may lead to suppression of the
immune system and increased oxidative species generation. In addition, the tendency to …

In essence, the immune system is enhanced during moderate and severe exercise, and only
intense long-duration exercise is followed by impairment of the immune system. The latter …