Under hypercontractile conditions associated with increased intracellular calcium, male
hearts show enhanced ischemia/reperfusion injury compared to female hearts. Our aim in …

From human and animal studies, estrogen is known to protect the myocardium from an
ischemic insult. However, there is limited knowledge regarding mechanisms by which …

Although estrogen and testosterone deficiency have often been associated with the
development of cardiac diseases in postmenopausal women, the benefits of estrogen or …

Background: Female sex hormones may have protective effects against arrhythmias,
including reperfusion arrhythmias (RAs), but the mechanisms are still not completely known …

Premenopausal females have a comparably lower incidence of cardiovascular disease than
their male counterparts. Although estrogen and activation of estrogen receptors (ERs) have …

Background—Epidemiological studies have shown gender differences in the incidence of
congestive heart failure (CHF); however, the role of estrogen in CHF is not known. We …

Previous studies have reported the sex differences in heart susceptibility to
ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, but the mechanisms are not understood. The present study …

Menopausal status is a risk factor for coronary artery disease death, but the mechanism
underlying this association is uncertain. To test whether estrogen ameliorates the effects of …

We investigated the function of estrogen receptor-α in global myocardial ischemia and
reperfusion injury in male estrogen receptor-α knockout (ERKO) and wild-type mice. Mouse …

This review examines the mechanism of estrogen signaling in cardiomyocytes, with an
emphasis on mechanisms that might be important in cardioprotection. It investigates …