Most tumor cells express antigens that can mediate recognition by host CD8+ T cells.
Cancers that are detected clinically must have evaded antitumor immune responses to grow …

It is now little disputed that most if not all cancer cells express antigens that can be
recognized by specific CD8+ T lymphocytes. However, a central question in the field of anti …

Highlights•Tumors exaggerate and exploit natural immunosuppressive and tolerogenic
mechanisms.•This milieu favors angiogenesis and tissue remodeling but is suppressive for T …

The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is a complex ecosystem that contains adaptive
and innate immune cells that have tumor-promoting and anti-tumor effects. There is still …

For tumor antigen-specific T cells to effectively control the growth of cancer cells in vivo, they
must gain access to, and function within, the tumor microenvironment. While tumor antigen …

Effective immunotherapy promotes the killing of cancer cells by cytotoxic T cells. This
requires not only that cancer-specific T cells be generated, but also that these T cells …

Despite recent clinical advances in immunotherapy, a fraction of cancer patients fails to
respond to these interventions. Evidence from preclinical mouse models as well as clinical …

The clinical successes in immunotherapy have been both astounding and at the same time
unsatisfactory. Countless patients with varied tumor types have seen pronounced clinical …

Established tumors are complex masses that contain not only neoplastic cells but also
nontransformed cellular elements such as stromal cells, the neovasculature, and the full …

Despite major advances in our understanding of adaptive immunity and dendritic cells,
consistent and durable responses to cancer vaccines remain elusive and active …