Chloroplast biogenesis is a complex process that is integrated with plant development,
leading to fully differentiated and functionally mature plastids. In this work, we used electron …

A model for the topological organization of the chloroplast thylakoid membrane is presented.
A series of illustrations is provided, which outline a suggested 3-dimensional structure in …

The light-harvesting and energy-transducing functions of the chloroplast are performed
within an intricate lamellar system of membranes, called thylakoid membranes, which are …

The formation of grana in chloroplasts of higher plants is examined in terms of the subtle
interplay of physicochemical forces of attraction and repulsion. The attractive forces between …

Background The thylakoid system in plant chloroplasts is organized into two distinct
domains: grana arranged in stacks of appressed membranes and non-appressed …

An intricate network of internal plastid membrane is formed in chloroplasts during plant
ontogenesis. The network develops directly from a simple membrane system in proplastids …

Abstract The three-dimensional (3-D) network of the granum-stroma thylakoid assembly of
vascular plant chloroplasts exhibits complex structural/functional heterogeneity. A complete …

Two envelope membranes delimit plastids, the defining organelles of plant cells. The inner
and outer envelope membranes are unique in their protein and lipid composition. Several …

Microscopic studies of chloroplasts can be traced back to the year 1678 when Antonie van
Leeuwenhoek reported to the Royal Society in London that he saw green globules in grass …

Granum is a basic structural unit of the thylakoid membrane network of plant chloroplasts. It
is composed of multiple flattened membranes forming a stacked arrangement of a cylindrical …