During the past two decades, routine use of recombinant erythropoeisis-stimulating agents
(ESA) has enabled anemia to be corrected in most patients with end-stage renal disease …

Anemia is a near universal complication of endstage renal disease (ESRD) affecting at least
90% of patients on dialysis (1). It has been associated with many potentially debilitating …

Iron deficiency is a frequent complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).
Major causes are reduced dietary intake, impaired absorption, chronic blood loss …

The National Kidney Foundation Dialysis Quality Initiatives (NKF-DOQI) Anemia Work Group
developed clinical practice guidelines (1) that aimed to achieve a target hemoglobin level of …

Iron deficiency is common among patients with advanced kidney disease, particularly those
requiring hemodialysis. Intravenous iron is a convenient treatment to supplement iron and is …

Iron is an essential trace element that is important for normal body function. However,
excess iron in animal studies has been shown to be toxic, because it can enhance radical …

Aim Higher dosages of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents (ESAs) have been associated with
adverse effects. Intravenous iron is used to optimize ESA response and reduces ESA doses …

Dialysis patients have absolute and functional iron deficiencies. Traditionally, oral iron
preparations have been insufficient to maintain iron stores to support erythropoiesis …

Increasing use of maintenance parenteral iron in the erythropoietin (EPO) era has been
accompanied by growing concern about iron overload. This article attempts to put the issue …

The majority of patients with chronic kidney disease are anaemic. Iron deficiency should be
corrected before treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhuEpo) or novel …