BACKGROUND: The relationship between bacterial etiology and serum cytokine levels in
patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) without response to initial …

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether cytokine expression
(interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α), C-reactive protein …

Background: Severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is associated with high
mortality. The choice of antibiotics should be guided by the distribution of bacterial …

Background The serum cytokine levels among 45 mechanically ventilated, intensive care
unit (ICU)-treated severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) patients with known …

Objective: Increased inflammatory response is related to severity and outcome in community-
acquired pneumonia, but the role of inflammatory biomarkers in deciding intensive care unit …

Objectives: To assess the influence of empirical antibacterial therapy on systemic
inflammatory response in patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) …

Background: Bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract initiates an acute inflammatory
response. Regulation of the inflammatory response in bacterial pneumonia depends on a …

Local inflammatory responses in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remain
insufficiently elucidated, especially in patients with nonsevere CAP. In this study we …

Objective: To assess the cytokine expression (tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], interleukin [IL]-
1β, and IL-6) in severe pneumonia, both locally (in the lungs) and systemically (in blood) …

Background Pneumonia continues to be a major cause of disease and death among
patients worldwide. Aspects of the host response to infection, such as the release of …