Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the autoimmune and chronic diseases of the
central nervous system; this disease occurs more frequently in young people and women …

Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory chronic autoimmune and
neurodegenerative disorder of the brain and spinal cord, resulting in loss of motor, sensorial …

Introduction: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease. Inflammatory cells, cytokines
and chemokines play a major role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Low-level laser …

Photobiomodulation using light in the red or near-infrared region is an innovative treatment
strategy for a wide range of neurological and psychological conditions. Photobiomodulation …

Background Neuroinflammation is a response that involves different cell lineages of the
central nervous system, such as neurons and glial cells. Among the non-pharmacological …

Introduction: Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by the decline of cognitive functions
such as learning and memory. Scientific society has proposed some non-pharmacological …

Neurodegenerative diseases might be slow but relentless, as we continue to fail in treating
or delaying their progression. Given the complexity in the pathogenesis of these diseases, a …

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease, for which the forms of
treatment are medication and rehabilitation. However, in vitro and in vivo studies have …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a CD4+ Th1/Th17 mediated autoimmune disease characterized by
myelin destruction, neurodegeneration and mitochondrial dysfunction. Current therapies …

Neurodegenerative diseases involve the progressive dysfunction and loss of neurons in the
central nervous system and thus present a significant challenge due to the absence of …