Estrogen is a potent steroid with pleiotropic effects, which have yet to be fully elucidated.
Estrogen has both nuclear and non-nuclear effects. The rapid response to estrogen, which …

Estrogen has pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system. The mechanisms by which
estrogen confers these pleiotropic effects are undergoing active investigation. Until a …

Estrogen has direct and indirect effects on the cardiovascular system that are mediated by
the estrogen receptors ER-α and ER-β. The direct effects of estrogen occur through rapid …

Estrogen has a plethora of effects in the cardiovascular system. Studies of estrogen and the
heart span human clinical trials and basic cell and molecular investigations. Greater …

Ovarian steroids have effects on blood circulation involving the mechanisms which control
blood flow and the changes that occur in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Estrogens …

Estrogen has important effects on cardiovascular function including regulation of vascular
function, blood pressure, endothelial relaxation, and the development of hypertrophy and …

The effects of estrogen on the female reproductive system are well known. In contrast,
comparatively recent research has demonstrated that estrogen also exerts specific effects on …

The impact of estrogen exposure in preventing or treating cardiovascular disease is
controversial. But it is clear that estrogen has important effects on vascular physiology and …

Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of death among both men and women in
developed countries. Coronary artery disease, the single most important component of …

Estrogen appears to protect against the development of cardiovascular disease, the leading
cause of death in women, by a number of mechanisms. The protective effect is believed to …