Increased demand on the protein folding capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
engages an adaptive reaction known as the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR …

In homeostasis, cellular processes are in a dynamic equilibrium. Perturbation of
homeostasis causes stress. In this review I summarize how perturbation of three major …

Protein-folding stress at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a salient feature of specialized
secretory cells and is also involved in the pathogenesis of many human diseases. ER stress …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous intracellular organelle and the first
compartment of the secretory pathway. As such, the ER contributes to the production and …

Numerous genetic and environmental insults impede the ability of cells to properly fold and
posttranslationally modify secretory and transmembrane proteins in the endoplasmic …

When protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is disrupted by alterations in
homeostasis in the ER lumen, eucaryotic cells activate a series of signal transduction …

Many exogenous sources of stress can lead to cell death. In recent years, endogenous
cellular sources of stress have also been identified, including the stress that arises from the …

Unfolded proteins and other conditions affecting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis
cause ER stress. The cell reacts to ER stress by activation of the unfolded protein response …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the cellular site of newly synthesized secretory and
membrane proteins. Such proteins must be properly folded and posttranslationally modified …

A central function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is to coordinate protein biosynthetic and
secretory activities in the cell. Alterations in ER homeostasis cause accumulation of …