Within most multicellular species, it is variation within individuals in how the genome is
expressed, not variation between individuals in the genome itself that produces the larger …

Phenotype variation within populations both provides the raw material for and is the product
of evolutionary change. An individual's phenotype, defined as the amalgamation of …

A major problem that transcends the boundaries of biological disciplines is reconciliation of
phenotypic change and stability. On the one hand, individual organisms are extraordinarily …

Individual animals behave differently from each other for myriad interrelated intrinsic and
extrinsic reasons, and this behavioral variation is the raw substrate for evolutionary change …

Phenotypic plasticity is a ubiquitous attribute of organisms (West-Eberhard 2003), and
adaptive plasticity in behavior provides some of the most striking examples of how animals …

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on model organisms as yeast, Drosophila, C.
elegans, and mice because the tools to generate genetic mutations and gene disruptions to …

What makes individuals unique? The answer to this question lies in understanding why and
how individuals respond to numerous internal and external factors that they experience over …

Organisms develop and evolve in complex and multi-faceted environments. While the
development of the phenotype is generally considered to be due to processes internal to the …

Recent years have seen an increase in studies that associate genomic loci with behavioral
variation both within and across animal species. Ryan York compiles and analyzes over …

The study of behavioral syndromes aims to understand among-individual correlations of
behavior, yielding insights into the ecological factors and proximate constraints that shape …