The fast-start escape response in fish is essential for predator avoidance, but almost nothing
is known about whether sublethal concentrations of pollutants can impair this reflex …

Ammonia is an unusual toxicant in that it is produced by, as well as being poisonous to,
animals. In aqueous solution ammonia has two species, NH 3 and NH 4+, total ammonia is …

Guidelines for ammonia toxicity in fish are often determined using static exposure tests with
immature fish over a 96-h period. These results may not be relevant to aquaculture, hauling …

Exposure to acutely lethal un‐ionised ammonia concentrations resulted in a 3.3‐fold
increase in oxygen consumption. This was associated with increases in ventilation volume …

In fish, fast starts are brief, sudden accelerations during predator–prey encounters. They
serve for escape and predation and are therefore ecologically important movements. Fast …

This study tested the hypothesis that swimming exacerbates ammonia toxicity in fish. Both
sub-lethal and acute toxicity testing was conducted in a swim tunnel on swimming and …

Adult trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fitted with a dorsal aortic catheter were exposed to
288±15μmoll− 1 (mean±sem) total ammonia for 24h in water at a pH of 8.39±0.02, while …

Abstract The Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) has an exceptional ability to both withstand
and recover from exposure to high external ammonia (HEA). This tolerance is likely due to …

Laboratory rodents made hyperammonemic by infusing ammonia into the blood show
symptoms of brain cell swelling and increased intracranial pressure. These symptoms could …

Acute ammonia toxicity in vertebrates is thought to be characterized by a cascade of
deleterious events resembling those associated with anoxic/ischemic injury in the central …