Three major types of opioid receptors, designated μ, δ, and κ, are widely expressed in the
CNS. Development of selective receptor ligands and recent cloning of each receptor have …

The multiplicity of opioid receptors ([mu],[delta], k) and the limited knowledge of their
coupling mechanisms explain why cellular and biochemical changes underlying opioid …

The opioid receptors, μ, δ and κ, conduct the major pharmacological effects of opioid drugs,
and exhibit intriguing functional relationships and interactions in the CNS. Previously …

Opioid analgesics remain the choice for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. Recent
research has established that the μ-opioid receptor is predominantly responsible for …

Opioid receptors of the μ-, δ-and κ-subtypes mediate the potent analgesic and addictive
actions of opioid drugs. They also regulate responses to pain, stress and emotions when …

Recent developments in the study of the structure and function of opioid receptors raise
significant challenges for the definition of individual receptor types and the development of a …

Opiate analgesics such as morphine are often used for pain therapy. However,
antinociceptive tolerance and dependence may develop with long‐term use of these drugs …

μ-Opioid receptor (MOR) desensitization and endocytosis have been implicated in tolerance
and dependence to opioids. The efficiency of each process is known to be agonist …

▪ Abstract Opioid receptors belong to the large superfamily of seven transmembrane-
spanning (7TM) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). As a class, GPCRs are of …

Opiate analgesics are widely used in the treatment of severe pain. Because of their
importance in therapy, different strategies have been considered for making opiates more …