Background: Effective intervention achieved by manipulating cell‐mediated xenogeneic
immune responses would critically increase the clinical feasibility of xenotransplantation as …

Abstract Background Programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) costimulation acts as a negative
regulator of T‐cell responses to allografts. However, the role of the PD‐1 pathway in …

Cellular rejection is a relevant hurdle for successful pig‐to‐primate xenotransplantion. We
have shown previously that the induction of a human anti‐pig T cell response (in vitro …

Background The programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1, CD 279)/PD‐Ligand1 (PD‐L1, CD 274)
receptor system is crucial for controlling the balance between immune activation and …

Xenotransplantation offers a promising alternative to circumvent the lack of donated human
organs available for transplantation. Different attempts to improve the survival of xenografts …

Understanding immunoregulatory mechanisms is essential for the development of novel
interventions to improve long-term allograft survival. Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its …

Background. PD-L1, a ligand for programmed death 1 (PD-1), delivers a negative
costimulatory signal to T cells and plays a critical role in the regulation of peripheral …

Summary Programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L 1) blockade is accepted as a novel strategy
for the reactivation of exhausted T cells that express programmed death‐1 (PD‐1). However …

Background. Programmed death (PD)-1 has been implicated in peripheral tolerance. The
authors investigated the roles of PD-1 and its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, in the induction of …

Programmed death 1 (PD-1), an immunoinhibitory receptor, and programmed death ligand 1
(PD-L1), its ligand, together induce the “exhausted” status in antigen-specific lymphocytes …