Background Breast carcinoma can be classified as either Estrogen Receptor (ER) positive or
negative by immunohistochemical phenotyping, although ER expression may vary from 1 to …

The estrogen receptor (ER) is a regulator of cellular growth, proliferation, and differentiation.
In addition to having prognostic value, ER is the most important biologic marker of …

Background: The estrogen receptor (ER) can change expression between primary tumor
(PT) and distant metastasis (DM) in breast cancer. A tissue biopsy reflects a momentary state …

Estrogen receptor (ER) expression in breast carcinomas, determined by
immunohistochemistry, indicates statistically significant benefit to endocrine therapy in …

Tumor heterogeneity affects diagnosis, prognosis and response to therapy. Heterogeneity is
found in both normal and neoplastic human mammary gland. Indeed, luminal ER-negative …

Recent remarkable progress in hormonal therapy has provided great benefit to breast
cancer patients, but it also evokes novel issues: how accurately can the efficacy of each …

Background Existing studies have demonstrated that the integrative analysis of
histopathological images and genomic data can be used to better understand the onset and …

Immunohistochemical analyses (IHC) of biomarkers are extensively used for tumor
characterization and as prognostic and predictive measures. The current standard of single …

It is widely believed that ductal breast cancer dissemination involves a succession of clinical
and pathological stages starting with carcinoma in situ, progressing into invasive lesion and …

The oestrogen receptor (ER) pathway is key for survival and progression in a significant
proportion of breast cancers. The ER can be activated by oestrogen or activated due to …