Ketamine is a rapidly acting antidepressant in patients with treatment-resistant depression
(TRD). Although the mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully established, inquiry to …

Ketamine produces a rapid antidepressant response in patients with major depressive
disorder (MDD), but the underlying mechanisms appear multifaceted. One hypothesis …

BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder has been linked to alterations in the multifunctional
enzyme glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β). The mood stabilizer lithium inhibits GSK3β …

Glycogen synthase kinase‐3β (GSK‐3β) is a central component in many critical intracellular
signaling mechanisms. These include the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase/Akt cell survival …

The molecular mechanisms underlying major depressive disorder remain poorly
understood, and current antidepressant treatments have many shortcomings. The recent …

Recently, ketamine has been demonstrated to exert rapid-acting antidepressant effects in
patients with depression, including those with treatment-resistant depression, and this …

Valproate (VPA) and lithium have been used for many years in the treatment of manic
depression. However, their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. Recent studies …

Background In recent years, discovery of ketamine's fast and powerful antidepressant effects
for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) has led to rethinking of the pathophysiology of …

The serendipitous discovery of ketamine's antidepressant effects represents one of the
major landmarks in neuropsychopharmacological research of the last 50 years. Ketamine …

Ketamine is an effective, rapid-acting antidepressant drug (RAAD), but it induces side
effects. To overcome these challenges, attempts have been made to use safer enantiomer …