Memory CD8 T cells can be activated and induced to produce cytokines and increase stores
of cytolytic proteins not only in response to cognate antigen (Ag) but also in response to …

Memory CD8 T-cell activation, including expression of IFN-γ and granzymeB, can be
induced by antigen (Ag)-dependent signals through the T-cell-receptor, or by pathogen …

T cell protective immunity is associated with multifunctional memory cells that produce
several different cytokines. Currently, our understanding of when and how these cells are …

Following infection, T cells differentiate into a heterogeneous population of effector T cells
that can mediate pathogen clearance. A subset of these effector T cells possesses the ability …

Immunological memory is a hallmark of adaptive immunity, and understanding T cell
memory will be central to the development of effective cell-mediated vaccines. The …

Antigen-induced memory T cells undergo counterintuitive activation in an antigen-
independent manner, which is called bystander response. Although it is well documented …

CD8+ memory T cells are critical for immunity against intracellular pathogens.
Epidemiological evidence demonstrates that bystander infection can impact immune …

CD8 T cells are an important part of the adaptive immune system providing protection
against intracellular bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. After infection and/or vaccination …

The ability to develop and sustain populations of memory T cells after infection or
immunization is a hallmark of the adaptive immune response and a basis for protective …

How memory CD4 T cells contribute to protection upon pathogen challenge is not fully
understood. Beyond traditional helper functions for CD8 T cell and B cell responses …