Publisher Summary Plants constitute the largest and most important group of autotrophic life-
forms on earth. Their abundant organic material serves as a nutritional source for all …

During the course of their co-evolution, plants and pathogens have evolved an intricate
relationship resulting from a continuous exchange of molecular information. Pathogens have …

The exposure of plants in open land and to various harsh environmental conditions means
that they are at risk of being attacked by different types of microbial pathogens. For survival …

Plants are important nutrient source for several organisms like microbes, heterotrophic
plants, insects as well as vertebrates. Even though they lack a proper defense mechanism …

Key message Transcriptomic analysis resulted in the upregulation of the genes related to
common defense mechanisms for black spot and the downregulation of the genes related to …

The plants defend themselves against insect herbivores through utilizing the combination of
direct defense traits and indirect defense approaches. Direct defense is involved both …

The mechanisms plants use to adapt to abiotic stress have been widely studied in a number
of seed plants. Major research has been focused on the isolation of stress-responsive genes …

Plants are the ecosystem's primary source and have a direct or indirect impact on human
life. Pathogens and insect's interference into the plants contribute to enormous losses in …

Trees occupy more than 30% of the land biosphere. They are important from both ecological
and environmental standpoints and provide some of the most valuable commodities in the …

Numerous harmful microorganisms and insect pests have the ability to cause plant
infections or damage, which is mostly controlled by toxic chemical agents. These chemical …