Ligands acting at the same receptor can differentially activate distinct signal transduction
pathways, which in turn, can have diverse functional consequences. Further, receptors …

Morphine induces antinociception by activating μ opioid receptors (μORs) in spinal and
supraspinal regions of the CNS. βarrestin-2 (βarr2), a G-protein-coupled receptor-regulating …

G protein-coupled receptor regulation by G protein-coupled receptor kinases and β-arrestins
can lead to desensitization and subsequent internalization of the receptor. In in vitro and …

Morphine is a potent analgesic, yet, like most opioid narcotics, it exerts unwanted side
effects such as constipation and respiratory suppression, thereby limiting its clinical utility …

Opiates are analgesics of choice in the treatment of chronic pain, but their long-term use
leads to the development of physiological tolerance. Thus, understanding the mechanisms …

G protein-coupled receptor desensitization and trafficking are important regulators of opioid
receptor signaling that can dictate overall drug responsiveness in vivo. Furthermore …

Chronic opioid receptor (OR) activation by morphine causes distinct cellular adaptations
responsible for the development of tolerance. The present study examines the effect of …

Morphine and other opiates mediate their effects through activation of the μ-opioid receptor
(MOR), and regulation of the MOR has been shown to critically affect receptor …

The reinforcing and psychomotor effects of morphine involve opiate stimulation of the
dopaminergic system via activation of μ-opioid receptors (μOR). Both μ-opioid and …

Opioid analgesics are elective for treating moderate to severe pain but their use is restricted
by severe side effects. Signaling bias has been proposed as a viable means for improving …