Since the introduction of the first through the skin (TTS) therapeutic in 1980, a total of 34 TTS
products have been marketed and numerous drugs have been tested by more than 50 …

The ideal drug delivery system has a bioavailability comparable to parenteral dosage forms
but is as convenient and easy to use for the patient as oral solid dosage forms. In recent …

Chemical penetration enhancers have been studied for a long time as a means to increase
the transport of a drug across the skin barrier. They exert their effect by using a range of …

Background Skin being the largest organ of the human body plays a very important role in
the permeation and penetration of the drug. In addition, the transdermal drug delivery …

Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is a measure of the steady-state water vapour flux
crossing the skin to the external environment and it has been used extensively to …

For preclinical testing of novel therapeutics, predictive in vitro models of the human skin are
required to assess efficacy, absorption and safety. Simple as well as more sophisticated …

Transdermal drug delivery is the controlled release of drugs through the skin to obtain
therapeutic levels systematically. Several technological advances have been made in the …

Transdermal drug delivery has been intensively studied over the last two decades because
of the many advantages offered by this route of administration. However, the number of …

This authoritative volume explores advances in the techniques used to measure
percutaneous penetration of drugs and chemicals to assess bioavailability and …

It is preferred that topically administered drugs act either dermally or transdermally. For that
reason they have to penetrate into the deeper skin layers or permeate the skin. The …