We examined the acute physiological responses to high environmental ammonia (HEA),
particularly the linkages between branchial ammonia fluxes and unidirectional Na+ fluxes …

Using a continuous-flow method a total of 14 acute toxicity bioassays were conducted using
seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), seabream (Spams aurata) and turbot (Scophthalmus …

We investigated relationships among branchial unidirectional Na+ fluxes, ammonia
excretion, urea excretion, plasma ammonia, plasma cortisol, and gill transporter expression …

Waterborne ammonia is an environmental pollutant that is toxic to all aquatic animals.
However, ammonia induced toxicity as well as compensatory mechanisms to defend against …

Three fish species of the family Batrachoididae, the gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta), the oyster
toadfish (Opsanus tau), and the plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus) demonstrated …

Ammonia is an environmental pollutant that is toxic to all aquatic animals. The toxic effects of
ammonia can be modulated by other physiological processes such as feeding and …

Ammonia is an unusual toxicant in that it is produced by, as well as being poisonous to,
animals. In aqueous solution ammonia has two species, NH 3 and NH 4+, total ammonia is …

Seabream and turbot juveniles (40–520 g) were exposed to constant exogenous NH3-N
concentrations (1.27–4.27 mmol/l; pH, 8.15). In 96 hr acclimated fish, plasma TA-N (total …

Guidelines for ammonia toxicity in fish are often determined using static exposure tests with
immature fish over a 96-h period. These results may not be relevant to aquaculture, hauling …

In the tropics, air-breathing fishes can be exposed to environmental ammonia when
stranded in puddles of water during the dry season, during a stay inside a burrow, or after …