One outcome of infection is the formation of long-lived immunological memory, which
provides durable protection from symptomatic re-infection. In response to infection or …

Following infection, T cells differentiate into a heterogeneous population of effector T cells
that can mediate pathogen clearance. A subset of these effector T cells possesses the ability …

Vaccines, arguably the single most important intervention in improving human health, have
exploited the phenomenon of immunological memory. The elicitation of memory T cells is …

The ability to develop and sustain populations of memory T cells after infection or
immunization is a hallmark of the adaptive immune response and a basis for protective …

The generation of effective adaptive T-cell memory is a cardinal feature of the adaptive
immune system. The establishment of protective T-cell immunity requires the differentiation …

The development of immune memory mediated by T lymphocytes is central to durable, long‐
lasting protective immunity. A key issue in the field is how to direct the generation and …

In response to infection or effective vaccination, naive antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells
undergo a dramatic highly orchestrated activation process. Initial encounter with an …

Recent findings suggest a new paradigm that early inflammatory cytokines promote the
effector T‐cell response while inhibiting the development of CD8+ T‐cell memory. Although …

In response to acute infections or vaccines, naive antigen‐specific CD8+ T cells proliferate
and differentiate into effector cytotoxic lymphocytes that acquire the ability to kill infected …

Immunological memory is a cardinal feature of adaptive immunity and an important goal of
vaccination strategies. Here we highlight advances in the understanding of the diverse T …