In a state of oxidative stress, there is an increase of reactive species, which induce an
altered intracellular signaling, leading to dysregulation of the inflammatory response. The …

Neuroinflammation is involved in several neurodegenerative disorders and emerging
evidence indicates that it constitutes a critical process that is required for the progression of …

Chronic inflammation is characterized by longstanding microglial activation followed by
sustained release of inflammatory mediators, which aid in enhanced nitrosative and …

Background: Neurodegeneration is a condition in which progressive loss of function and
structure of neurons occurs. Several lines of evidence suggest that oxidative stress has a …

Significance: Production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is part of the
defense system that mostly microglia and macrophages display to induce normal signaling …

Neuroinflammation constitutes a fundamental process involved in the progression of several
neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease …

Oxidative stress, in which production of highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive
nitrogen species (RNS) overwhelms antioxidant defenses, is a feature of many neurological …

Aberrant innate immunity in the brain has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several
central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's …

Central nervous system (CNS) maintains a high level of metabolism, which leads to the
generation of large amounts of free radicals, and it is also one of the most vulnerable organs …

• Introduction• Innate immune response in the AD brain‐Microglia‐Astrocyte• Glial cells
mediate the peripheral immune response in AD‐Glial cell interaction with endothelial cells …