This study examined the contribution of endogenous opioids to the antinociception
produced by microinjection of the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline, into the rat …

Previous studies have indicated that thalamic nucleus submedius is involved in opioid-
mediated antinociception in tail flick test and formalin test. The current study examined the …

Recent findings have identified the presence of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1
(TRPV1) channels within the dorsal portion of the periaqueductal gray (dPAG), suggesting …

The periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) consists in a brainstem structure rich in 5‐
hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) inputs related to the modulation of pain. The involvement of each …

Several lines of evidence have shown that stimulation or inactivation of lateral hypothalamus
(LH) produces antinociception. In this study, we assessed the role of nucleus locus …

Epidural motor cortex stimulation (MCS) has been used for treating patients with neuropathic
pain resistant to other therapeutic approaches. Experimental evidence suggests that the …

The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is embedded in the ventral part of the caudal
periaqueductal gray (PAG). Electrical or chemical activation of neurons throughout this …

Cholinergic stimulation of the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) produces antinociception
and reduces the duration of tonic immobility (TI) behavior in guinea pigs. Previous studies …

Many clinical case reports have suggested that sustained opioid exposure can elicit
unexpected, paradoxical pain. Here, we explore the possibility that (1) opioid-induced pain …

The anterior pretectal nucleus has recently been implicated in the descending modulation of
nociception. Electrical stimulation of the nucleus was found to reduce the nociceptive …