Viruses represent a serious problem faced by human and veterinary medicine and
agronomy. New viruses are constantly emerging while old ones evolve and challenge the …

Geoghegan and Holmes describe the history of evolutionary ideas in the study of viruses,
showing that two different approaches to studying virus evolution—the comparative and the …

New viral diseases are emerging continuously. Viruses adapt to new environments at
astounding rates. Genetic variability of viruses jeopardizes vaccine efficacy. For many …

Population genetic diversity plays a prominent role in viral evolution, pathogenesis, immune
escape, and drug resistance. Different mechanisms are responsible for creating and …

Highlights•The generation of host-range mutants is usually not a limiting factor in
viruses.•Antagonistic pleiotropy partially limits the evolution of generalist viruses.•Epistasis …

Viral infection is a highly dynamic process, which lead to constant evolutionary changes on
both sides of the viral–host interface. The high mutation rates of viruses, coupled with short …

A number of virologic and environmental factors are involved in the emergence and re-
emergence of viral disease. Viruses do not conservatively occupy a single and permanent …

Natural selection is a fundamental force shaping organismal evolution, as it both maintains
function and enables adaptation and innovation. Viruses, with their typically short and …

RNA viruses are the main agents of emerging disease. To understand how RNA viruses are
able to jump species boundaries and spread in new hosts it is essential to determine the …

In the last two decades, viruses have been used as model systems to study evolution in
short periods of time. Due to their characteristics, virus adapt rapidly to changing conditions …