Epidemiological sex differences in anxiety disorders and major depression are well
characterized. Yet the circuits and mechanisms that contribute to these differences are …

Sexual dimorphism of brain structures has been reported in some species. We report that
sex-dependent developmental structure changes exist in the C57Bl/6J mouse, a common …

In recent years, several funding agencies have introduced requirements for researchers to
consider sex as a biological variable in preclinical research. In this Comment article …

Sex differences in neurological disease extend from incidence, severity, progression and
symptoms and may ultimately influence treatment. Cognitive disturbances are frequent in …

Sex differences in stress responses can be found at all stages of life and are related to both
the organizational and activational effects of gonadal hormones and to genes on the sex …

A general theory of mammalian sexual differentiation is proposed. All biological sex
differences are the result of the inequality in effects of the sex chromosomes, which are the …

Sex is emerging as an important factor in the etiology and expression of many different
pathological conditions, including stroke. Initially, the levels of sex hormones were thought to …

Humans have systematic sex differences in brain-related behavior, cognition, and pattern of
mental illness risk. Many of these differences emerge during adolescence, a developmental …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Neuroendocrine-Immune Axis in Health and Disease.”
Microglia and astrocytes are the primary immune cells within the central nervous system …

Sex differences in spatial learning have been reported in both humans and rodents.
Correspondingly, there have been reports of sexual dimorphism in the morphology of the …