Writ large, we can divide immune and inflammatory responses into the primitive innate
immune response and the evolutionarily more recent adaptive immune response. Innate …

Macrophages have a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of metabolic and
cardiovascular diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and heart …

Anti-inflammatory therapies hold great promise in cardiovascular prevention regimens;
however, atherosclerosis is a chronic disease, and systemic long-term use of anti …

Among the heterogeneous antiphospholipid antibodies, many studies suggest that those
directed to β2‐glycoprotein I (β2GPI) are the major pathogenic antibodies in …

Background—Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) uptake by monocyte-derived macrophages is a
crucial step in foam cell formation and early atherosclerotic lesion. Increasing evidence …

To this day, the best clinically established approach to treat atherosclerosis has been
lowering LDL cholesterol32 by gold standard statin therapy. 33 However, 2 recent statin …

The concept of atherosclerosis as an inflammatory disorder dates back to the seminal
observations of Karl von Rokitansky and Rudolph Virchow, who in the mid-19th century …

Atherosclerosis, a dynamic and progressive vascular disease arising from the combination
of endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, is becoming a major killer in the 21st century …

Lipoprotein (a)[Lp (a)] is composed of an LDL particle in which apolipoprotein B is covalently
bound to apolipoprotein (a) by a disulphide bond (Figure 1). The Lp (a) particle is associated …

Prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis is still a clinical challenge in the cardiovascular
medicine. The classical belief that atherosclerotic lesion development solely depends on …