Background There is a 3-fold redundancy in the Genetic Code; most amino acids are
encoded by more than one codon. These synonymous codons are not used equally; there is …

Background: There is a 3-fold redundancy in the Genetic Code; most amino acids are
encoded by more than one codon. These synonymous codons are not used equally; there is …

In protein-coding genes, the genetic code defines the translational mapping from nucleotide
triplets (or codons) to amino acids. Synonymous codons translate to the same amino acid …

Usage of sequential codon-pairs is non-random and unique to each species. Codon-pair
bias is related to but clearly distinct from individual codon usage bias. Codon-pair bias is …

Since the genetic code is degenerate, several codons are translated to the same amino
acid. Although these triplets were historically considered to be “synonymous” and therefore …

Codon usage bias (CUB) is the non-uniform usage of synonymous codons in which some
codons are more preferred to others in the transcript. Analysis of codon usage bias has …

Synonymous codon usage biases are associated with various biological factors, such as
gene expression level, gene length, gene translation initiation signal, protein amino acid …

To better conceptualize the mechanism underlying the evolution of synonymous codons, we
have analysed intragenic codon usage in chosen “regions” of some mouse and human …

The genetic code is degenerate. With the exception of two amino acids (Met and Trp), all
other amino acid residues are each encoded by multiple, so-called synonymous codons …

In numerous species, from bacteria to Drosophila, evidence suggests that selection acts
even on synonymous codon usage: codon bias is greater in more abundantly expressed …