Opioid receptors of the μ-, δ-and κ-subtypes mediate the potent analgesic and addictive
actions of opioid drugs. They also regulate responses to pain, stress and emotions when …

Most opioid receptor-mediated functions appear to be mediated through G protein
interactions, therefore an understanding of opioid signalling requires knowledge of those …

Opioid peptides are a family of structurally related neuromodulators which play a major role
in the control of nociceptive pathways. These peptides act through membrane receptors of …

Chronic opioid treatment of Neuro2A cells stably expressing either δ-opioid receptor (DOR)
or μ-opioid receptor (MOR) resulted in agonist-dependent receptor down-regulation …

Following activation, most G protein coupled receptors undergo regulation by a cascade of
events that promote receptor desensitization and endocytosis. Following endocytosis …

The μ opioid receptor plays an important role in mediating the actions of morphine and
morphine-like drugs. Receptor binding and a wide range of pharmacological studies have …

The cloning of the opioid receptors and subsequent use of recombinant DNA technology
have led to many new insights into ligand binding. Instead of focusing on the structural …

The cellular basis of tolerance to, and dependence upon, many types of drugs, including
opioids, has long defied identification. Tolerance to opioids cannot be explained solely on …

The opioid system controls nociception, stress responses, and addictive behaviors.
Exogenous alkaloid opiates and endogenous opioid peptides stimulate mu-, delta-and …

The use of opioid analgesics has a long history in clinical settings, although the
comprehensive action of opioid receptors is still less understood. Nonetheless, recent …