The molecular basis of opioid tolerance/dependence has long eluded researchers, but
recent advances in receptor regulation have suggested a useful conceptual approach to the …

Opioid receptors (ORs) are undisputed targets for the treatment of pain. Unfortunately,
targeting these receptors therapeutically poses significant challenges including addiction …

Mu opioid receptors play an important role in mediating the actions of a class of opioids
including morphine and heroin. Binding and pharmacological studies have proposed …

μ opioid receptors are G protein–coupled receptors that mediate the pain-relieving effects of
clinically used analgesics, such as morphine. Accumulating evidence shows that μ-δ opioid …

Drug addiction is a devastating condition that poses a serious burden on the society. The
use of some drugs like morphine for their tremendous analgesic properties is also …

Introduction 3. Opioid receptor signaling 3.1. Receptor phosphorylation by protein kinase C
3.2. Modulation of receptor internalization by protein kinase C 3.3. PKC hypothesis for …

Chronic morphine treatment has been shown to produce constitutive activation of μ-opioid
receptors, and this transition might contribute to the development of tolerance and …

Opiates such as morphine and fentanyl, a major class of analgesics used in the clinical
management of pain, exert their effects through the activation of opioid receptors. Opioids …

Recent studies have led to a greater understanding of the behavioral, cellular, and
molecular mechanisms underlying opiate tolerance and physical dependence. Behavioral …

Morphine and other opioids are used and abused for their analgesic and rewarding
properties. Tolerance to these effects develops over hours/days to weeks, as can physical …