Background Genome rearrangements influence gene order and configuration of gene
clusters in all genomes. Most land plant chloroplast DNAs (cpDNAs) share a highly …

Analyses of whole-genome data often reveal that some genes have evolutionary histories
that diverge from the majority phylogeny estimated for the entire genome. We present a …

Background Genome evolution is shaped not only by nucleotide substitutions, but also by
structural changes including gene and genome duplications, insertions, deletions and gene …

Plant chloroplast genomes (plastomes) are characterized by an inverted repeat (IR) region
and two larger single copy (SC) regions. Patterns of molecular evolution in the IR and SC …

The chloroplast genome (cpDNA) of plants has been a focus of research in plant molecular
evolution and systematics. Several features of this genome have facilitated molecular …

The chloroplast (plastid) arose via the endosymbiosis of a photosynthetic cyanobacterium by
a nonphotosynthetic eukaryotic cell∼ 1.5 billion years ago. Although the plastid underwent …

The chloroplast genome usually has a quadripartite structure consisting of a large single
copy region and a small single copy region separated by two long inverted repeats. It has …

Plant chloroplast (cp) gene clusters consist of genes arranged closely together on the cp
genome. These genes are organized in operon structures and participate in cotranscription …

Chloroplasts are essential organelles, in which genes have widely been used in the
phylogenetic analysis of green plants. Here, we took advantage of the breadth of plastid …

A DNA fiber-based fluorescence in situ hybridization (fiber-FISH) technique was developed
to analyze the structure and organization of a large number of intact chloroplast DNA …