The immune system is capable of distinguishing between danger-and non-danger signals,
thus inducing either an appropriate immune response against pathogens and cancer or …

During chronic viral infection or cancer, the immune system usually induces a corresponding
immune response against pathogens or cancer cells so as to prevent worsening disease. T …

T-cell exhaustion was originally identified during chronic infection in mice, and was
subsequently observed in humans with cancer. The exhausted T cells in the tumor …

T cell exhaustion is a state of T cell dysfunction that arises during many chronic infections
and cancer. It is defined by poor effector function, sustained expression of inhibitory …

CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in anti‐tumour immunity, but they often undergo exhaustion,
which affects the anti‐tumour activity of CD8+ T cells. The effect and mechanism of …

Tumor immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic strategy for patients with advanced
cancers. T cells are key mediators of antitumor function that specifically recognize and react …

In T-cell biology,'exhaustion'was initially described as a hyporesponsive state in CD8+ T
cells during chronic infections. Recently, exhaustion has been recognized as a T-cell …

In chronic infections and cancer, T cells are exposed to persistent antigen and/or
inflammatory signals. This scenario is often associated with the deterioration of T cell …

Highlights•T cell exhaustion represents a continuous spectrum of CD8 T cell dysfunction
defined in models of chronic viral infection.•It is associated with persistent viraemia and is a …

T cell responses must be balanced to ensure adequate protection against malignant
transformation and an array of pathogens while also limiting damage to healthy cells and …