Alcohol has been identified as a major risk factor for chronic disease and injury [1]. However,
no infectious disease has been included in the list of alcoholattributable disease categories …

The negative influence of alcohol (ethanol) and its metabolites on innate and adaptive
immunity is well-recognized. Much attention has recently been focused on the impact of …

Decades of research have shown that women's and men's immune systems function
differently. During the reproductive years, women have a stronger immune response than …

Nutritional status is an important determinant of the host resistance against infections and
tumors. Alcohol interferes in various ways with the complex system of nutritional …

Alcohol is well known for promoting systemic inflammation and aggravating multiple chronic
health conditions. Thus, alcohol may also be expected to serve as a risk factor in …

Ethanol may be detrimental to immune cells due to the generation of free radicals during
detoxification. If this is true, then alcoholic beverages that contain antioxidants, like red wine …

Alcohol consumption alters factors that modify gene expression without changing the DNA
code (ie, epigenetic modulators) in many organ systems, including the immune system …

Drinking alcohol, even in moderation, can affect the immune system. Studies have shown
disproportionate effects of alcohol on circulating and tissue-resident myeloid cells …

Increasing evidence suggests that light to moderate amounts of polyphenol-rich alcoholic
beverages like wine or beer could have health benefits. Scientists have long debated the …

Background Blood alcohol is present in a third of trauma patients and has been associated
with organ dysfunction. In both human studies and in animal models, it is clear that alcohol …