The pathogenesis of arterial hypertension often involves a rise in systemic vascular
resistance (vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling) and impairment of salt excretion in …

Autocrine, paracrine, endocrine, and neuroendocrine hormonal systems help regulate
cardio‐vascular and renal function. Any change in the balance among these systems may …

Hypertension is characterized by an imbalance between the renin–angiotensin system
(RAS) and the kallikrein–kinin system (KKS). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors …

Kinins can affect many aspects of cellular function, but their roles in human homeostatic
mechanisms and disease are just beginning to be understood. In this brief review, some of …

Tissue kallikrein, a serine proteinase, produces the potent vasodilator kinin peptide from
kininogen substrate. The levels of tissue kallikrein are reduced in humans and animal …

The blood pressure-lowering property of the brady kinin system has been documented for
more than eight decades. The bradykinin system is involved in the mediation and …

Tissue kallikrein (hK1) cleaves low-molecular-weight kininogen to produce kinin peptide,
which binds to kinin receptors and triggers a wide spectrum of biological effects. Tissue …

All the components of the kallikrein-kinin system are located in the vascular smooth muscle
as well as in the heart. In recent years, numerous observations obtained from clinical and …

The kallikrein–kinin system (KKS) is proposed to act as a counter regulatory system against
the vasopressor hormonal systems such as the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) …

Since kallikrein was discovered as a vasodilatory substance in human urine, the kallikrein–
kinin system (KKS) has been considered to play a physiological role in controlling blood …