Preclinical studies show that animals with a history of chronic stress exposure have
increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis reactivity following reexposure to …

The majority of studies of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) demonstrate alterations
consistent with an enhanced negative feedback inhibition of cortisol on the pituitary and an …

Background Previous research has focussed extensively on the distinction of HPA-axis
functioning between patient groups and healthy volunteers, with relatively little emphasis on …

Animal studies have found that prior stressful events can result in increased reactivity in the
HPA-axis. However, baseline function of the HPA-axis has typically been normal or …

BACKGROUND: A proportion of subjects with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder
(PTSD) are unresponsive to specialized psychotherapy, but a biological basis for this has …

BACKGROUND: Alterations of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis function and
sympathetic-adrenal activity have been proposed as key factors in biological models of …

Background and aims Childhood trauma may have longstanding effects on individuals'
propensity to react adversely to stress, and also predisposes individuals to suffer from …

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health disorder precipitated by a stressful
event that produces fear or terror in the individual. Post‐traumatic stress disorder studies …

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is typically accompanied by acute and chronic
alterations in the stress response. These alterations have mostly been described in …

Background Preclinical studies showed that early stress results in long-term alterations in
the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. We performed a comprehensive assessment …