The RAS pathway is one of the most frequently deregulated pathways in cancer. RAS
signals through multiple effector pathways, including the RAF/mitogen-activated protein …

Mutational activation of KRAS is a common event in human tumors. Identification of the key
signaling pathways downstream of mutant KRAS is essential for our understanding of how to …

The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/AKT signaling cascades play critical roles in the
transmission of signals from growth factor receptors to regulate gene expression and …

While small molecule inhibitors of the phosphatidylinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) are expected to
impact the development of new cancer therapy, the tumor types and underlying cellular …

KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in human cancer, yet no therapies are
available to treat KRAS mutant cancers. We used two independent reverse genetic …

Abstract The RAS/RAF/MEK pathway is activated in more than 30% of human cancers, most
commonly via mutation in the K-ras oncogene and also via mutations in BRAF. Several …

Aberrant activation of the ERK pathway is common in human tumors. This pathway consists
of a three-tiered kinase module [comprising the kinases RAF, mitogen-activated protein …

Therapies inhibiting receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are effective against some human
cancers when they lead to simultaneous downregulation of PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK …

Constitutive activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K) and RAS signaling
pathways are important events in tumor formation. This is illustrated by the frequent genetic …

Summary The Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways are prominent effectors of oncogenic
Ras. These pathways negatively regulate each other, but the mechanism involved is …