This paper is the sixth in an annual series of reviews of research involving the endogenous
opiates, each installment being restricted to work published during the previous year …

Three opioid receptors (ORs) are known: μ opioid receptors (MORs), δ opioid receptors
(DORs), and κ opioid receptors (KORs). Each is encoded by a distinct gene, and the three …

Morphine and its alkaloid derivatives are used extensively in the treatment of pain (Gilman et
al. 1990). These compounds are the most potent class of analgesics used clinically. The …

Opioids, such as morphine and fentanyl, are widely used for the treatment of severe pain;
however, prolonged treatment with these drugs leads to the development of tolerance and …

Advances in techniques in molecular biology have facilitated the research into endogenous
opioids and related peptides in several ways. The organization and expression of genes …

Opioid receptors are the primary sites of actions of opiates and endogenous opioid peptides,
which have a wide variety of pharmacological and physiological effects. The opioid …

Tony L. Yaksh and Mark S. Wallace well-versed in the uses of opium; Arab traders
introduced the drug to the Orient, where it was employed mainly for the control of dysentery …

Drug addiction is a worldwide societal problem and public health burden, and results from
recreational drug use that develops into a complex brain disorder. The opioid system, one of …

Opiate drugs mediate their analgesic, euphoriant, and rewarding effects by activating opioid
receptors. Pharmacological and molecular studies have demonstrated the existence of three …

Understanding the multiple classes of opiate and opioid peptide receptors at the molecular
level and functionally is the major focus of this second edition. Much has happened since …