The endogenous opioid system is largely expressed in the brain, and both endogenous
opioid peptides and receptors are present in areas associated with reward and motivation. It …

▪ Abstract Opioid receptors belong to the large superfamily of seven transmembrane-
spanning (7TM) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). As a class, GPCRs are of …

People with a genetic predisposition for substance abuse have defects in genes for the
opioid peptides and receptors. A high number of polymorphisms have been detected in the …

1Multidisciplinary Center for the Study of Aging, Old Westbury Neuroscience Research
Institute, State University of New York at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, New York, 11568 …

There is significant experimental evidence implicating the endogenous opioid system
(opioid peptides and opioid receptors) with the processes of reward and reinforcement …

There is significant experimental evidence implicating the endogenous opioid system
(opioid peptides and opioid receptors) with the processes of reward and reinforcement …

Introduction: Opioids are the oldest and most potent drugs for the treatment of severe pain,
but they are burdened by detrimental side effects such as respiratory depression, addiction …

Despite the existence of a large body of information on the subject, the mechanisms of
opiate tolerance and dependence are not yet fully understood. Although the traditional …

Opioid peptides are a family of structurally related neuromodulators which play a major role
in the control of nociceptive pathways. These peptides act through membrane receptors of …

It is now about 40 years since Avram Goldstein proposed the use of the stereoselectivity of
opioid receptors to identify these receptors in neural membranes. In 2012, the crystal …